Articles

Over 100 academic level articles written by the staff of TorahResource are available here, free to read and download. These comprehensive commentaries are in-depth and very thorough studies on a variety of Biblical and theological topics all of which are relevant to the greater “Messianic Movement”.

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“Great is Your Faithfulness” – Thoughts on Tisha B’Av

By TR Admin

Tim Hegg looks at the 9th of Av, which has traditionally been filled with woe for the nation of Israel. It is traditional to fast and pray on this day every year. It is also traditional to read the book of Lamentations. Hegg emphasizes that though the book of Lamentations describes the sorrow which the destruction of the Temple brought to the people of Israel, the primary message of the book is that God is in control and He is eternally faithful to His covenant promises…

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Acquiring the Spiritual Skill of Forgiving

By Tim Hegg

In this study on forgiveness, Tim Hegg looks at Ephesians 4:32 as a key verse for understanding what it means to forgive. Hegg looks at how the Messiah Yeshua has forgiven the elect as a model for how believers are likewise to forgive others. This 20 page paper was the foundation for Hegg’s video on forgiveness (which can be purchased in our store). In conclusion, Hegg shows that we as believers are to forgive others before they even ask for forgiveness, and that the spiritual practice of forgiving must be a core characteristic of those who are disciples of Yeshua.

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Acts 15 and the Jerusalem Council

By TR Admin

In this look at Acts, Tim Hegg investigates the theory that the Jerusalem Council concluded that the Torah was not for Gentiles. Many within believing circles today teach that this council was establishing the Noachide laws for the Gentiles. Hegg has written on this specific teaching elsewhere. In this article, Hegg focuses more on what the four laws given to the Gentiles in Acts 15 actually were.

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All Things to All Men

By TR Admin

This is a study of 1Cor 9:19–23, and focuses and the phrase “all things to all men.” Tim Hegg shows that Paul did not mean that he gave up Torah observance in order to win the Gentiles. Rather, Hegg shows that Paul lived a Torah obedient life among both Jews and Gentiles. This article shows that Paul was not a theological chameleon.

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Are the Festivals (Moedim) for Today

By TR Admin

For those coming to the rich blessing of Torah, the festivals are a central part. But Christianity teaches these festivals are done away with. Is there validity to these claims? In this article, Tim Hegg goes to the Scripture to investigate if the festivals are for today.

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Assessment of the Divine Invitation Teaching

By TR Admin

This article is primarily a critical review of “One Law and the Messianic Gentile,” Messiah Journal 101(Aug 2009), 46–70, published by First Fruits of Zion. Tim Hegg investigates the Divine Invitation teaching put forth by FFOZ. Divine Invitation teaches that the Torah is for the Jewish people. Gentiles, on the other hand, are not obligated, but invited to keep the Torah. This theology separates the body of Messiah into two groups. Hegg shows this teaching to be biblically baseless.

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Battle for the Bible: Are the Inspired Scriptures Enough

By Tim Hegg

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the teaching by some leaders that the Bible is not enough. Some teachers are claiming we need rabbinic literature such as the Mishnah and Talmuds to truly live a life of holiness. However, this teaching is a direct assault on the 66 books of Scripture. Hegg explains why.

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Bible Language Revolution

By Rob Vanhoff

In this short 4 page article, Rob Vanhoff looks at the progression of Bible translations up into the modern era, pointing out tools we now have for digging deeper into the biblical text. He also mentions computer programs that allow Bible scholars a vast amount of tools for in-depth study of the Scriptures.

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Bilateral Ecclesiology is Not Biblical

By TR Admin

Within the Messianic movement there are those who are teaching Bilateral Ecclesiology. This theology teaches that God has one people separated into two groups. The Jewish believers should be in their own groups keeping Torah, and the Gentiles should be in the Church. As a result, many have found themselves feeling like outcasts. In this article Tim Hegg shows bilateral ecclesiology to be man made. Hegg shows the Bible does not instruct us to build the body of Messiah in this way.

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Blessings and Curses: Redeemed from the "Curse" of the Law

By Tim Hegg

This article shows the manner in which Deuteronomy is structured after the common Suzerain-Vassal treaties of the Ancient Near East. Showing the historical background of the covenant blessings and curses can help us understand Paul’s point in Galatians 3:10–14. This article gives insight into how Yeshua “redeemed us from the curse of the Torah.”

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Bringing in the Harvest: A Study of the Gospel

By TR Admin

In this lengthy 51 page study, Tim Hegg looks at the concept of “evangelism” in the Gospels. This study looks at what believers are commissioned to do as laborers in the harvest of nations (Matt 9:38; Luke 10:2).

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Can we Speak of the Law in the New Testament in Monolithic Terms

By TR Admin

This paper, delivered at the NW Regional ETS Meeting in 1996, explores the possibility that “Law” (nomos in the Greek) may include the so-called “Oral Torah” within the scope of its meaning when used in the Apostolic Scriptures (NT). Examples of adherence to the Oral Torah both by Yeshua and His disciples are included.

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Chronology of the Crucifixion (Passion)

By Tim Hegg

The chronology of the crucifixion is hotly debated every year. In this article, Tim Hegg lays out a chronology that makes the Synoptic Gospels line up with the Gospel of John. Previously, scholars have seen either John or the Synoptics to be wrong. As a result, this has brought the question of whether the New Testament can be claimed to be historically accurate and inerrant. In more recent scholarship, scholars are beginning to realize all four Gospels are harmonious. Most noteworthy, Hegg places John in his first century context.

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Circumcision as a Sign

By Tim Hegg

In the 1st Century CE, circumcision was understood as a sign of being Jewish. But what was the original intent in giving this sign to Abraham? This paper looks at the biblical text, seeking answers to that question.

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Circumcision in the Second Temple Period

By Rob Vanhoff

In this article, Rob Vanhoff investigates circumcision among various groups within the first century. Vanhoff begins by looking at Acts 15 and the wording used therein. Vanhoff clearly shows that circumcision can not be simply understood as a physical act. Rather, each group carried their own traditions and expectations when conversion was considered. This paper dives deep into the first century and the various beliefs that were held.

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Comfort One Another with These Words

By Tim Hegg

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at 1 Thess. 4:13-18 in order to investigate the phrase “comfort one another with these words.” What does this mean for believers, and how should they view this command?

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Community or a Congregation? For What are We Striving?

By Tim Hegg

What has become very clear to me in recent days is that many leaders in the Messianic movement have never really grasped the difference between a Torah Community and a Christian Congregation. In other words, one of the reasons that the current Messianic movement so much resembles the Christian Church and why so many Messianic Congregations seek acceptance within Christendom is that most of the leaders in this movement have never been able to think outside of the box of Christian ecclesiology. Or to say it another way, the model we have of a “Messianic Congregation” is essentially the Church model with some different traditions and theological perspectives. The building’s structure is the same, we’ve just put in new windows and replaced the siding. And in some cases, it appears we’ve used vinyl siding.

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Counting the Omer: An Inquiry into the Divergent Methods

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the various ways the omer was counted in the first century. What is more, Hegg suggests a specific counting Yeshua held to. In conclusion, Hegg contends that followers of Yeshua should adopt the counting of their Master.

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Covenant of Grant and the Abrahamic Covenant

By TR Admin

Understanding the form of the literature in which the sacred text is written is vitally important to interpreting it correctly. This paper shows the close affinities between the Royal Grant Treaties of the Ancient Near East and the covenant God made with Abraham. In conclusion, this then allows a clearer understanding of the Abrahamic covenant and its import for us.

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Decoding the “Paleo” Script Pictures

By TR Admin

In this short article, Rob Vanhoff looks at several examples of Paleo-Hebrew throughout the ANE. Vanhoff compares these various examples in order to show that the difference between the languages is not in the script. Therefore, the suggestion that letters written in Paleo-Hebrew have special hidden meaning is false. In conclusion, Vanhoff shows that if the Hebrew font has secret spiritual meaning, then so do all the other Semitic languages that utilized the Paleo letters.

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Deity of Yeshua

By TR Admin

The mystery of Yeshua’s divine nature is clearly taught as a reality in the Scriptures. This short article emphasizes a number of texts that point clearly to the eternal, divine nature of our Messiah, Yeshua. Though this doctrine is increasingly under attack in our times, we must affirm its truth based upon the clear teaching of Scripture.

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Did God Change His Mind About Food

By TR Admin

Many who oppose believers keeping Torah turn to Mark 7:19 as proof that the food laws have been done away with, and thus indicating that the Torah has been abolished. In this verse, Yeshua declares all foods clean…or does He? In this article Tim Hegg shows that the Greek found in this verse is not as cut and dried as many may think. As a result, this verse can have quite a different meaning. Also, looking at the context, Hegg shows that the correct translation of this verse does not have to do with food.

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Did Yeshua Break the Sabbath

By TR Admin

Often, believers who begin to follow the Torah do so because of one issue… the Sabbath. The joy and rich tradition of the Sabbath is a blessing to many believers. Yet, those who begin to keep this day might run into the same persistent question: “Didn’t Yeshua break the Sabbath?” A look at the Scriptures tells a different story. In this short article, Tim Hegg goes to the Scripture to show that Yeshua did not break the Sabbath. Hegg shows that the laws supposedly broken by Yeshua are found nowhere in the written Torah, but were only the traditions of men.

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Did Yeshua Converse with Nicodemus in Greek?

By TR Admin

Many in modern times believe the Apostolic Scriptures (New Testament) were written in Hebrew or Aramaic. Yet, the manuscript evidence points to Greek as the original language. In this fascinating article, Rob Vanhoff looks at John 3 for clues. Yeshua was an up and coming teacher, and Nicodemus was “the Teacher of Israel,” and thus the language in which they conversed seems obvious. Moreover, the language of the text actually gives us some striking answers to the question of what language they were speaking because the word play only “works” if they were speaking Greek.

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Did Yeshua go to Hell?: Interpreting 1Peter 3:19-20

By TR Admin

Generally, the interpretation of this passage falls to one of two sides: one which understands the passage to teach that Yeshua descended to Hades or Hell during the time He was in the grave, and the other which denies that He descended during this period.

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Didn’t God Abolish the Ceremonial and Civil Parts of the Law?

By TR Admin

In this 11th chapter from Tim Hegg’s book “Why We Keep Torah: Ten Persistent Questions”, Tim Hegg looks at the Torah. Can we break the Torah into three categories? Namely, civil, ceremonial and moral laws? Hegg suggest the teaching that God has done away with the civil and ceremonial parts of the law, is wrong.

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Dividing Wall in Ephesians 2:14

By TR Admin

Many people interpret Ephesians 2:14 as teaching that the Torah was done away with so that Jew and non-Jew could be “one new man” in Yeshua. Is this what Paul was teaching? This paper looks at the context, the grammar, and the words of the text in order to properly interpret the passage.

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Do the Seven go to Heaven?

By TR Admin

This is a paper investigating the Noachide Laws as presented in the rabbinic literature. The paper shows that the Noachide Laws were never envisioned by the early rabbis as a means for Gentiles to obtain a place in the world to come. In conclusion, Tim Hegg shows that reading these laws back into the New Testament is anachronistic.

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Does the English Word “Easter” Derive from the Name of the Pagan Goddess “Ishtar?”

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the claim that the name “Easter” comes from the pagan goddess Ishtar. Hegg looks at the etymology of this word, and the history of this claim. In addition, Hegg looks at the oldest references we have of Easter being seen as pagan. Due to the evidence, Hegg challenges the commonly believed claims.

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Duplo Dogma

By TR Admin

In this short article Rob Vanhoff looks at the different meanings people place on regularly used words and terms within religious circles and how readers think they should define these terms in their own minds. Vanhoff suggests we all slow down and define our terms before we assume everyone is talking about the same thing.

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End of the Law for Rabbi Lichtenstein

By TR Admin

In this article, Rob Vanhoff assesses Rabbi Lichtenstein’s view of the Law by translated passages for his own works, particularly his commentary on Rom 10:4. Vanhoff challenges Lichtenstein’s views, showing that he has completely misinterpreted the verse and thereby misunderstood its true meaning.

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Faith Is: Encouraging Thoughts from Hebrews 11

By TR Admin

Tim Hegg looks at Hebrew 11:1 and what “faith” is. This 2 page article is just a short look at faith and the message the author of Hebrews was conveying to the reader.

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Faithfulness: a few Thoughts

By TR Admin

As the title suggests, Tim Hegg looks at Faithfulness in the Bible and gives some reflective thoughts on this subject. Hegg looks at faithfulness in the Tanach (Old Testament) and in the Apostolic Scriptures (New Testament) in order to reflect on this concept within the life of a believer.

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Feast of Shavuot: Some Chronological Suggestions

By TR Admin

Ex 19 begins: בַּחֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁי לְצֵאת בְּנֵי־יִשְָׂראֵל מֵאֶֶרץ מִצְרִָים בַּיּוֹם הֶַזּה בָּאוּ מִדְבַּר סִינָי , “In the third month of the going out of the children of Israel from the land of Egypt, on this day, they came to the wilderness of Sinai”. The text is emphatic in specifying בַּיּוֹם הֶַזּה , “on this (very) day”, yet it does not specify the day. As a result, the Sages have concluded that the day is Rosh Chodesh of Sivan, the beginning of the Third month in the Hebrew calendar…

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Five Arguments Against the Flat Earth

By TR Admin

Who would have thought that in our modern world of wireless technologies, satellite communications and space exploration that we would have to address the idea that the earth is flat? Unfortunately, this incredibly false teaching has penetrated the Messianic/Hebrew Roots Movements and is spreading rapidly, misleading many. In this brief article, Spike Psarris refutes the flat earth claim with five easy to understand and carefully explained arguments.

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Four Cups and their Meaning in the Passover Seder

By TR Admin

This article looks at the four cups that are traditionally in the Passover Seder and outlines the significance of each cup and how this might relate to our belief in Yeshua.

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Genesis 18:22 & the Tiqqune Sopherim

By TR Admin

This paper looks at Genesis 18:22 and specifically the scribal notes for this text. Tim Hegg investigates the noted change within the text, suggesting the scribes never actually made a change. In conclusion, Hegg proposes the text is original, and the note from the scribes comes from debates between rabbis and Christian leaders, over the deity of Yeshua. This paper was presented at the 2016 Evangelical Theological Society annual conference.

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Gentiles Believers and Pesach in the Pre Destruction Era

By TR Admin

This focused study looks at how Gentiles were received and operated in the 1st century temple. Furthermore, Hegg looks at Gentiles and the festival of Passover. He begins by investigating if Gentiles sacrificed in the temple. The focus then changes to ritual purity and if first century Judaisms considered non-Jews unclean. Finally, Tim Hegg looks at female Gentile believers and the festival of Passover.

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Greater and Lesser YHVH Heresy: A Response

By TR Admin

Some have suggested that Yeshua is a lesser reality of YHVH and by so doing, give an “explanation” to the dual natures (divine and human) of the Messiah. This paper shows the fallacies in such thinking.

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Growing Strong in our Faith

By TR Admin

This focused study takes the reader through the means of grace God uses in the process of sanctification. Hegg looks at God’s self-revelation, and His revelation through Scripture. Hegg then moves to communion with God through prayer and the means of strengthening of our faith, and also looks at the strengthening our faith through fellowship in community.

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Hanukkah Means Dedication

By TR Admin

In this short paper, Tim Hegg looks at dedication. During the time of Hanukkah, Hegg shows that the primary focus of the Festival is God’s call upon His children not to assimilate into the world…

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Hanukkah: Don’t Give Up

By TR Admin

One of the messages that is impressed upon us each year as we celebrate Hanukkah is the call to persevere, to not give up when events and circumstances weigh heavy upon us. When we consider how our people must have felt as they suffered at the hands of the foreign governments under which they labored during the Maccabean period, we are strengthen by their courage and perseverance in the face of overwhelming odds. The few stood faithfully against the many, and God gave them the victory…

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Hardening of Pharoah’s Heart

By TR Admin

The hardening of Pharaoh’s heart has always been a difficult matter. First, and perhaps primarily, it appears out of character for God to harden a person’s heart in advance of giving the message. Moreover, this seems patently unfair. If God hardens the heart before giving the message, it is sure that the message will not be received. In short, this makes the whole matter of Divine revelation a kind of “sick, cosmic game” where an arbitrary God plays upon the weak inabilities of mankind to satisfy his own hunger for power.

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Hearing the Shofar on Yom Teruah

By TR Admin

On Yom Kippur, we are commanded to hear the sound of the shofar. What does this mean, and why would God command it? In this article, Tim Hegg looks at what it means to “hear” the sound of the shofar.

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Hebrew Word Yada

By TR Admin

The Hebrew word “know” (yada’), which is a common root in the semitic languages, has a wide range of meanings depending upon the context in which the word is found. Like our word “know” in English, the Hebrew word can indicate mental knowledge, that is, that a person “understands” or “has knowledge” of something, as when we say “I know that 2 + 2 is 4”.

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Hell & the Eternal Punishment of the Wicked

By TR Admin

Where do the wicked go when they die? If you grew up in the Christian church, you have a simple answer… Hell! Many believe, however, that the answer is much bigger. For some, the idea that an all loving God could torment a soul for eternity is impossible. But what does the Bible tell us about hell? Especially relevant, does God impose eternal punishment? Hegg looks at the terms Sheol and Hades in the Bible, as well as some current theologies and teachings about hell. Hegg also takes a hard look at Scriptural passages such as, Matt. 25:46 and Rev.14:9-11.

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Hem of the Garment as a Covenant Sign

By TR Admin

This article looks at the significance of the hem of a garment within ancient culture. Tim Hegg shows that to “grasp” or “hold” the hem is to signify loyalty and submission to an agreement or covenant. With this established, Hegg then turns to 1 Samuel and what this might mean within the story of King David. In conclusion, Hegg shows this to be a key piece of information that guides the story of King David coming to power…

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Hermeneutics: A Growing Crisis in the Messianic Movement

By TR Admin

Are you hearing Messianic teachers say that we need to submit to “greater Israel” in our pursuit of Torah? Are you curious about the mystical method of interpreting the Bible, formed on the word Pardes (peshat, remez, d’rash, sod), and whether it is a correct way to explore the meaning of the biblical text? Then you need to read this essay.

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Historic Christianity and Apostolic Judaism: the Core Difference

By TR Admin

In this 10 page article Tim Hegg looks at the differences between historic Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism and what he terms Apostolic Judaism. Hegg defines Apostolic Judaism as those who accept Yeshua; accept the Apostolic Scriptures (New Testament); and accept Torah as defined by Yeshua and His Apostles. Is there really a difference between these three groups? Should there be? Hegg looks at the various groups and where their Biblical approach has taken them.

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Hope of the Gospel

By TR Admin

In this short three page article, Tim Hegg looks at Colossians 1:22-23 and Paul’s choice of words when he says that we should not be “moved away from the hope of the gospel that you have heard….” What does this phrase mean? In this passage Paul tells us that our salvation is procured through Yeshua’s death, resurrection, ascension, and intercession. Hegg builds on this and investigates the term “Hope of the Gospel.”

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How Does God Forgive Sin

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at how God saves the elect. Hegg begins by defining what sin is, then moves to man’s purpose. This article also deals with what sin does between man and God, and how payment for sin can be made. Hegg also looks at different kinds of sin, and the errant idea that God counts a sinner’s repentance as payment.

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In What Language Were the Synoptic Gospels Written?

By TR Admin

This paper looks at the language spoken in and around Israel in the first century, and the claims that Hebrew or Aramaic was the lingua franca of the time. The focus then shifts to the writing of the Synoptic Gospels and what has been titled the “Synoptic Problem.” Caleb Hegg looks at the various claims related to the order of writing and the suggestion of a “Q” document. Finally, the presence of what is known as the Hebrew Matthew, or the Hebrew Gospel is then looked at and its part in the writing of the Gospels. In conclusion, Caleb believes there is solid evidence to suggest the original language these works were written in.

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Intercession of Yeshua for His Own

By TR Admin

In this article Tim Hegg looks at the seven requests as Yeshua prays just before being crucified, as recorded for us in John 17. The focus of this study is Yeshua’s intercession for His own within this “high priestly” prayer. Hegg looks at this passage and shows its direct application for our own spiritual lives. Hegg shows that Yeshua’s prayer of intercession in the garden is a model of the intercession He continues to make for His people, as Yeshua sits at the right hand of the Father. Since Yeshua is the Son of God, His prayers are always granted. Therefore, our salvation is secured by the continued prayer of Yeshua, for He always lives to make intercession for the elect.

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Investigation of the Lord’s Table

By TR Admin

Questions about the Lord’s Table always arise around Pesach (Passover), and for good reason. The very texts (both in the Gospels and in 1 Corinthians) which are read by Messianic Jews as we celebrate the Passover season are those which the Christian church reads before the Lord’s Table. For Messianic believers, these texts give deep meaning to the yearly festival, but to the Christian church, these texts describe a ceremony which has almost no resemblance to a Pesach seder. So the first question, and perhaps the most important one, is simply this: how did the Lord’s Table get started? Where can we find its origin?

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Is Enoch Metatron?

By TR Admin

Is Enoch Metatro? by Rob Vanhoff Download this article in PDF by Clicking Here

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Is Obligation the Wrong Word?

By TR Admin

In our modern times, many believers are coming to the realization that they should be keeping Torah. Friends and family usually have a huge problem with such a claim. Those who oppose such a view would say believers are not obligated to keep the Torah. But are they right? In this article Hegg suggests we are honored and blessed to keep the covenant God shares with us and in conclusion, that obeying God is  an obligation which flows from love for those who have experience God’s love for them in Yeshua.

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Is the Name "Jesus" Pagan?

By TR Admin

In this article Caleb Hegg looks at the English name Jesus to ask if this name is derived from paganism as some have suggested.

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Is the Torah Only for Jews?

By TR Admin

This paper is a response to the “Definition of Messianic Judaism” by the Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations. In this study I want to deal … Read more

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It is Often Said 2000 Years of Christianity Cannot be Wrong

By TR Admin

The Church has prospered over the past 2000 years. Clearly God has blessed the Christian Church in many ways. For those in the Torah movement, a common question is often heard. “If the Torah isn’t done away with, how did the Church miss it?” Or perhaps another way it is said is, “how can 2000 years of Christianity be wrong?” In this article, Tim Hegg takes this question head on. Hegg shows the problems with the idea that the Church can be spoken of as a monolithic group. As a result, Hegg contends that if this line of reasoning were true, then the reformation would also need to be questioned.

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It is Often Said: the Law Was Given Only to Condemn

By TR Admin

This 7 page article is an expert from the fourth book of Tim Hegg’s series, It Is Often Said. Tim Hegg looks at 1 Timothy 1:3-11 and what Paul means when he says the Law was given to condemn. Doesn’t this prove that we don’t have to keep Torah? Many would say, “yes.” Hegg takes a careful look at this passage and offers a different conclusion.

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Kabbalah and the Messianic Believer

By TR Admin

In this 19 page paper, Caleb Hegg looks at the history and theology of the Hasidic movement. Hegg sheds light on the basic theological differences between the Messianic movement and the various Hasidic movements today. Are these two religious movements so far apart? Many within the Messianic movement say they are not, but Hegg would like to suggest otherwise.

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Lashon Hara: Evil Speech or Gossip

By TR Admin

Nothing destroys a community faster than gossip. What does the Almighty think about “evil speech” (Lashon hara)? In this short article Tim Hegg looks at gossip and what it can do to relationship. Hegg looks at what the Bible says about evil speech.

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Legalism: Some Thoughts

By TR Admin

As followers of Yeshua come to live by Torah, they are often accused of “legalism” by their Christian friends. But what is legalsim? Is following God’s Torah legalism? In this short article, Tim Hegg looks at this concept and what it really means. Hegg looks at various definitions of this word and how its usage defines its meaning.

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Listening for the Shofar Thoughts on Yom Teruah

By TR Admin

Why has God Given us the Mo‘adim?

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Looking at 119 Ministries and the Copper Scroll (Part 1): A Response to Jim Barfield

By TR Admin

In this hard hitting article, Caleb Hegg looks at the claims by Jim Barfield of the Copper Scroll Project (CSP), and 119 Ministries. CSP has made some fantastic claims concerning the lost treasures of the temple, suggesting they could be found at Qumran. Hegg looks at the claims, along with looking at the Hebrew of the Copper Scroll. Hegg shows that the timeline put forward by CSP and 119 Ministries do not line up. Furthermore, Hegg shows that both 119 Ministries and CSP have totally disregarded the Hebrew grammar within the scroll. Especially relevant is CSP’s total disregard for the opinion of leading archeologists.

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Looking at 119 Ministries and the Copper Scroll (Part 2): A Response to Jim Barfield

By TR Admin

In part one of this series, Caleb Hegg wrote about some of the blatant errors put forward by 119 Ministries and the Copper Scroll project. Jim Barfield, president of the Copper Scroll Project responded to the first paper. In Part 2, Hegg address Barfield’s response. Barfield attempts to downplay the lack of source evidence, along with the grammatical issues Hegg has brought up. Beyond this, Barfield shows a total lack of knowledge in the Hebrew language, even going to “Google Translate” for help. Consequently, Hegg shows the fantastic claims of the CSP to be nothing more than a wild goose chase.

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Looney Tune of a "Sabbath" Moon

By TR Admin

In this short article, Rob Vanhoff looks at the teaching of Lunar Sabbath. Those who advocate this theory suggest the Sabbath is reckoned by the moon. Therefore, the Sabbath does not fall on a Saturday, but rather changes according to the moon’s cycle. Vanhoff shows that for such a theory to be true, Israel would have had to undergone “collective amnesia.” Furthermore, Vanhoff shows that the Tanach itself does not support such a theory. Consequently, Vanhoff shows this teaching to be false.

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Mark 7:19b: A Short Technical Note

By TR Admin

In this 7 page article, Tim Hegg looks at Mark 7:19b and the phrase that many Biblical translations have translated, “Thus declaring all foods clean.” Hegg looks at the Greek syntax in this passage to understand why some of the major English translations have such different versions of the passage.

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Matthew 28:19: A Text Critical Investigation

By TR Admin

In this 9 page article, Tim Hegg undertakes a text critical investigation of the phrase, “in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit.”

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Matthew 5:17-20: Yeshua’s View of the Law

By TR Admin

Matthew 5:17-20 gives to us the clear teaching of Yeshua Himself regarding the Torah. These verses are often referenced when discussing believers and the Torah. Are Torah pursuant believers missing something? Hegg looks at this passage line by line to gain a better understanding.

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Meaning of Kafar – “Atonement”

By TR Admin

Tim Hegg looks at the Hebrew word “kafar” and what it means. Normally translated “to cover, conceal,” by English translations when talking about God’s dealing with our sin, Hegg shows evidence that this word should more rightly be translated to “wipe away.” Hegg shows that the commonly held perspective, that “atonement” provided a  temporary covering of sin, is false. But rather, this word actually carries the sense “to wipe away completely.”

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Messiah our Pesach has Also Been Sacrificed

By TR Admin

This article focuses on the festival of Passover. For believers in the Messiah Yeshua, it might seem obvious that Yeshua represents our Passover lamb. Tim Hegg focuses on our salvation through the Messiah Yeshua. And, therefore, our personal salvation story in the Passover festival…

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Mis-Translating John 8:58

By TR Admin

Yeshua is 100% man. Of course! But when I go on to assert that He is also 100% God and preexisted the creation of the world, some will slam the brakes. “No way, man. Stop right there! We’re not polytheists!”

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My Big Fat Greek Mindset

By TR Admin

This article is the basis for Tim Hegg’s audio teaching by the same name (Click Here to purchase). Tim Hegg explores what it means to have a Greek vs. Hebrew worldview. Hegg begins by looking at how Greek philosophy has shaped our western perspective. As a result, the texts of the Bible are viewed through this same lens. Hegg then looks at a Hebrew or biblical worldview, and suggests we need to retrain our minds. As a result, the Scriptures come into new light.

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Number 666 in Revelation 13:18

By TR Admin

This article begins with several pages describing the variants in the Greek manuscripts, pertaining to the number 666 in Rev 13:18. Some manuscripts have 616. The name of Nero Caesar in Hebrew most likely is what John is encrypting in the number. If taken from Greek, the number is 666. If taken from Latin, the number is 616. Thus, this explanation, that the number represents Nero, is the best explanation for the extant variants in the Greek manuscripts.

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One Law Movement: A Response to Russ Resnik and Daniel Juster

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg responds to an article entitled “One Law Movements: A Challenge to the Messianic Jewish Community.” This article was written by Russ Resnik and Daniel Juster, who state that the Torah is not for Gentiles, but given to the Jewish people alone. Hegg goes to the Bible itself to test the thesis of this article and shows that it is actually contrary to what the very word of God teaches.

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One Torah or Two?

By TR Admin

Those within the Messianic and Hebrew Roots movement are faced with an interesting suggestion. Within Judaism there is one written Torah, but there is also the “Oral Torah.” Within the emerging Torah movement, many believers are suggesting the Oral Torah is actually divinely sanctioned. In this article, Rob Vanhoff looks at this claim. Investigating the history of this Jewish tradition, Vanhoff shows that the concept of “two Torahs” has not always been the norm. Rather, as is often the case, later rabbinic authorities have imposed their traditions as upon earlier rabbinic authorities, making it appear as though they were the founders of what was only a later tradition. Therefore, Vanhoff shows the written Torah to be the only divinely revealed instructions for righteous living given to God’s people.

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Open Letter to The IAMCS

By TR Admin

In this open letter, Tim Hegg responds to the accusation (made by the IAMCS in their recent position paper entitled “One Law, Two Sticks: A Critical Look at the Hebrew Roots Movement”) that he “equates Torah observance to the gospel itself,” a “gospel of obedience to the law.” Accompanying the letter are quoted examples for some of Hegg’s published works which show conclusively that the charge made against him by the IAMCS is unfounded and blatantly false.

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Our Messianic Faith and Yom Kippur

By TR Admin

The day of Yom Kippur comes to us with the traditions of somber reflections and introspection. The divine injunction to “humble your soul” (Lev 23:27, 29, 32; Num 29:7) on this day teaches us that this appointed time, more than any of the other mo’edim, is a time to stop and ponder where we each need to seek repentance, restoration, and correction before the Lord and with our fellow man. It is a time to make an honest evaluation of our own progress in sanctification—in becoming more and more like our Messiah, Yeshua. Such an evaluation is healthy and proper, even as Paul admonished the Corinthians…

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Paleo Hebrew Validity as a Hermeneutical Tool

By TR Admin

In this transcript of an interview with Dr. Michael Brown, Paleo Hebrew is discussed. Many within the Hebrew Roots movement think that they can use Paleo Hebrew to find deeper meaning in the biblical text. Dr. Brown has his doctorate in Near Easter Languages, and discusses the script known as Paleo Hebrew. Dr. Brown shows this form of interpretation is not a valid hermeneutic but is based upon false linguistic assumptions.

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Pesach – Passover: Numbers 28:16-25

By TR Admin

What do we experience during Pesach as believers in Yeshua? Moreover, how do the multifaceted traditions of Passover instruct us?  In this article, Tim Hegg demonstrates how the traditions of Pesach provide our families the learning labs designed by God. In conclusion, many of the traditions celebrated at Pesach reinforce God’s covenant promise to His people from generation to generation.

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Pitfalls in Using Strong’s Numbers

By TR Admin

Many believers in our modern time don’t have a working understanding of the biblical languages. Because of this, many go to Strong’s Numbers to guide them in their studies in order to find the meaning of a given Hebrew or Greek word. Yet, is this really what Strong’s Numbers is for? In this short article, Tim Hegg looks at some of the problems that arise when using Strong’s Numbers. Many people don’t realize Strong’s Concordance was not created to be a lexicon (dictionary). In order to show the reader these differences, Hegg looks at language itself, then at what Strong’s is actually intended to help with. Hegg shows how many can, and have, gotten off track through misusing this specific tool.

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Preparing for Yom Kippur

By TR Admin

Hegg shows that the traditional perspective of the “days of awe” is not what is taught in the Bible itself, but that right-standing with God is a matter of His grace and not something the sinner can earn through what rabbinic Judaism considers “proper repentance.” Hegg shows that true repentance is an essential aspect of a life marked by saving faith, and such repentance is itself a gift from God.

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Priestly Benediction (Numbers 6:22-27)

By TR Admin

The Priestly Blessing or Aaronic Benediction: An Exposition of Numbers 6:22-27 including a discussion of the Tetragrammaton.

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Properly Defining Sola Scriptura

By TR Admin

Jacob Franczak’s article entitled “The Five Solas: Sola Scriptura” (Messiah Journal #111, FFOZ) proposes to do away with these pillars of the Protestant Reformation beginning with the first of the five, “Sola Scriptura,” Latin for “The Scriptures Alone.” Unfortunately, Fanczak apparently has never studied the Reformers’ own definition of this doctrine, and so he creates his own “straw-man” version and sets out to knock this fabricated scarecrow down. In this short article (2 1/2 pages) Hegg gives the historic definition of “Sola Scriptura” and shows where Franczak has missed the mark.

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Psalm 22:16 Like a Lion or They Pierced?

By TR Admin

In this short article Tim Hegg looks at Psalm 22:16. Some translations have “like a lion…” while other translations have “they pierced…” Why such a difference? Was this passage changed by Christians to fit their theology? Some within Orthodox Judaism say it was. Hegg looks at the Lxx and the Dead Sea Scrolls, the most ancient manuscript we have of this text, to investigate the original wording of the text.

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Public Reading of the Scriptures in the 1st Century Synagogue

By TR Admin

This paper seeks to understand that various customs surrounding the public reading of the Scriptures in the 1st Century Synagogue. Did the early Synagogue utilize the three year cycle of readings (triennial) or was the one year cycle (annual) already in place in the pre-destruction era? What about the haftarah (prophetic) readings? Through researching these questions, Hegg shows that the weight of evidence leans toward a triennial cycle being used in first century synagogues. This may shed light on various aspects of the study of the Apostolic Scriptures.

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Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) and Sukkot: The Traditional Reading during this Joyous Time

By TR Admin

The wisdom of the Sages is displayed yet again in the tradition of reading Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) during the Festival of Sukkot. But it is not readily apparent why Qohelet was chosen for a festival that has rejoicing as its main theme! Many who read Qohelet are left with the impression that the words of Shlomo (Solomon) are depressing rather than uplifting, and do not fit the theme of joy. Yet a closer reading of the book reveals just the opposite. In fact, the theme of the book is joy, but the surprise is where this joy is actually found.

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Remembering, Forgetting and the Message of Purim

By TR Admin

The Shabbat before Purim has traditionally been called Shabbat Zachor, or the “Sabbath of Remembering.” The additional Torah portion read on this Shabbat is Deuteronomy 25:17–19.

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Review of Boaz Michaels "Tent of David"

By TR Admin

In this 9 page book review, Rob Vanhoff looks at Tent of David by Boaz Michael, FFOZ 2013. Vanhoff begins by presenting a short two page article named Slippery When All Wet (found on TR) to show how Michael uses terms without giving a definition. Vanhoff then goes on to look at some of the finer points of this book.

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Romans 6:14-15 and “Under the Law”

By TR Admin

The Sabbath is an important part of Torah communities. But we are constantly having to defend its value. One text that is regularly brought up is Romans 14. Did Paul really indicate in this text that the Sabbath was no longer valid? This short paper explores the text to seek its intended meaning and application.

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Sacred Name: A Study in Three Parts

By TR Admin

There are those who claim that pronouncing the Sacred Name is not only good but necessary for proper worship. This paper exposes the premises of this position and calls for a biblical understanding of the Name and its use. This paper was eventually turned into a video teaching…

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Sanctification: A Short Study

By TR Admin

Against the backdrop of mankind’s depravity, this short study notes the utter necessity of God’s work in sanctifying sinners. The significance of this divine work is considered in light of how the Gospel is presented. Tim Hegg challenges the idea that once saved we can sit back and let God do the work. All we need to do is “rely and relax.” Rather, Hegg shows that sanctification is a cooperative effort between the renewed believer in Yeshua and the Spirit of God.

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Saved by His Life: Reflections on the life, teaching, and work of Yeshua

By TR Admin

God’s gift during this season of Pesach (Passover) testifies to us throughout the whole year. First, it reminds us of the reality of Yeshua life, death, and resurrection. Next, the disciples needed to learn how this reality impacted their lives. Also, we too find instruction that remains valid and real even after 2000 years of history have passed. Yeshua still intercedes for us and the seven statements made in the garden, before His death, communicate to us the heart of our Messiah’s intercession for His people.

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Separating the Most Holy from the Holy

By Tim Hegg

The ‘Veil’ in the Tabernacle and First & Second Temple The purpose of this paper is to investigate the extant data, both biblical and extra-biblical, … Read more

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Seven Steps to the Aleph Tav

By TR Admin

Maybe you’ve heard of the teaching that tries to connect the Hebrew particle Aleph-Tav (sign of the direct object) with the Alpha and Omega as symbolic of Yeshua (Rev 1:8; 21:6; 22:13). Now someone has even published the “Aleph-Tav Bible” in which they purport to note every use of the aleph-tav as having special meaning, pointing to Yeshua! If you would like a no nonsense explanation of why this teaching is contrary to fact, read Vanhoff’s short essay.

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Seventh Day of Chag Hamatzot

By TR Admin

The last day of Chag HaMatzot (Festival of Unleavened Bread) is designated in the Torah as a day of gathering (מִקְרָא־קֹדֶשׁ, mikra qodesh). Also, it is a Shabbat. “You shall not do any laborious work” (Lev 23:8; Num 28:25). Until the return of our Messiah Yeshua, and the restored Temple in Jerusalem, we celebrate the Seventh day of Unleavened bread by gathering together in the synagogue and remembering it as the concluding day of the Festival.

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Shabbat HaGadol: Exodus 12:21-51

By TR Admin

Shabbat HaGadol, or “The Great Sabbath,” is the Sabbath immediately preceding the festival of Passover. It gained this title through rabbinic interpretation of the exodus events themselves. On this Shabbat, Exodus 12:21-51 is read, which recounts the Exodus narrative. In these notes Tim Hegg looks at the Exodus account in chapter 12 through the lens of God’s sovereignty.

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Shabbat Hanukkah – Dedication

By TR Admin

In this short article, presented during the time of Hanukkah, Tim Hegg looks at what it means to be set apart…

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Shabbat Hanukkah – Hanukkah vs Christmas

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg compares the festival of Hanukkah to the celebration of Christmas. These notes were presented for the Torah portion on Shabbat Hanukkah.

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Shabbat Hanukkah: Notes on the Traditional Scripture Readings

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the traditional readings for the week of Hanukkah. Hegg looks at Num. 7:18-29, but focuses on John 10:22-42. This article relates these passages to the festival of dedication. 

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Shabbat Parah

By TR Admin

The Shabbat before the festival of Passover is known as Shabbat Parah, “Shabbat of the Heifer.” This is because when the temple was standing, the largest pilgrimage festival was Passover. Those who traveled to Jerusalem for this celebration would often need to be purified from corpse defilement. This can only be done through the ashes of the red heifer. Therefore it has become traditional to read Numbers 19:1-22. In these notes Tim Hegg looks at this passage and investigates the various views of Israel’s pilgrimage during Passover.

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Shabbat Pesach: The Resurrection of Our Messiah Yeshua

By TR Admin

This article looks at the traditional readings for the Shabbat before Passover. Tim Hegg teaches on the significance of this festival and the parallels to our risen Messiah.

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Shabbat Sukkot: Rejoicing in the Living Torah

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the festival of Sukkot. This study begins by examining some of the traditions associated with the festival, then focuses on the presence of Yeshua in this festival. As a result, Hegg highlights the living Torah in this festival.

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Shabbat Zachor: Notes on Deuteronomy 25:17-19

By TR Admin

Notes on the Shabbat immediately preceding Purim. This shabbat is referred to as Shabbat Zachor, “The Shabbat of Remembering”, which is taken from the passage of Torah that is read on this Shabbat, Deut. 25:17-19. In this paper, Tim Hegg looks at the attack by the Amalekites on Israel, and as a result, the command of God within this passage.

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Shemini Atzeret: Celebrating the 8th Day of Sukkot

By TR Admin

The Festival of Sukkot contains an enigma: is it prescribed in the Torah to be 7 days long or 8 days? The text in Lev 23 seems a bit ambiguous: (vv. 33-36)…

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Shifting Sands

By TR Admin

In this 25 page article, Tim Hegg looks at a 2008 issue of Kesher which focuses on Soteriology (the way in which God saves His elect). Within this article Hegg challenges the views from leading Messianic teachers on their understanding of  eternal salvation and relies upon the Bible itself to make his case.

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Should I Remove My Kippah?: A Jewish Perspective on 1 Corinthians 11:2-16

By TR Admin

Have you heard the argument that men who wear a kippa (yarmulke) are going contrary to Apostolic halachah? Here is an article that investigates the meaning of this often misunderstood text. In conclusion, Hegg suggests a different approach to this text.

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Should John 6:4 Be Considered a Spurious Insertion into John’s Gospel?

By TR Admin

Michael Rood claims that John 6:4 was added much later after the Gospel of John was written. As a result, Rood believes this scripture is, therefore, a forgery. Rood’s motivation for this seems to be the desire to have a 70 week ministry of Yeshua as set forth in his “Chronological Gospels.” He then offers what he considers to be substantial evidence to support his claim, that the earliest Greek manuscripts do not include verse 4 of John 6, and that the Nestle-Aland Greek New Testament with critical apparatus (27th Edition) gives clear evidence of this. This 3 page article investigates Rood’s claims and shows them to be utterly false and without supporting evidence, including that of the Nestle-Aland critical text. The paper ends with an exhortation for people not to follow his imaginative teachings.

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So Great a Salvation: Thoughts on the Holiness of God and Our Salvation

By TR Admin

A short essay on the holiness of God, derived from the context of Exodus 15:11. This article focuses on believers getting a glimpse of His holiness and how it enables us to see how great our salvation is. As a result, we see the true price Yeshua our Messiah paid to purchased us to be His people.

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Sola Scriptura: Should the Messianic Movement Reject this Theology?

By TR Admin

A Response to the article, “Sola Scriptura” by Jacob Fronczak, Messiah Journal #111 (FFOZ, 2012)

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Some Responses to Nehemia Gordon’s Rejoinder

By TR Admin

This paper continues a debate between Tim Hegg and Nehemia Gordon concerning Matthew 23. This specific paper is a response to Gordon’s rejoinder. In it Hegg clarifies several points, and suggests that Gordon has not been as upfront with his audience as he perhaps should be. Hegg focuses on the texts employed by Gordon and the fact that these texts do not make up the majority of good sources on the subject. Especially relevant is the work Hegg has done on the Hebrew Matthew. As a result, Hegg’s knowledge of the Matthew DuTillet and the Even Bohan shine through in this response. 

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Some Thoughts on the Issue of Calendars

By TR Admin

Within Messianic and Hebrew Roots circles, the issue of the correct calendar comes up often. Many separate over days and times, and perhaps for some legitimate reasons. We know calendar issues were debated in the first century as well. The Qumran sect may have had a solar calendar at one period in the community’s existence. But the Temple seemed to have a calendar most agreed upon. In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the first century and what we can learn from their practice. Hegg looks at various aspects of this issue, and investigates what calendar Yeshua used. If we can determine what calendar Yeshua used, we as disciples of Yeshua should, therefore, keep the same calendar. In conclusion, Hegg suggests we as believers accept Yeshua as our model for the calendar. 

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Spirituality, Are we Better off Now?

By TR Admin

Tim Hegg looks at the claim that the Sprit is now available to believers in new ways that discount the “Old Covenant.” Many claim that the new covenant that all believers take part in through the blood of the Messiah Yeshua, is Spiritual in nature. This view holds that the Torah is summed up in “loving one’s neighbor.” The minutiae of the Torah (all of the many regulations both civil and religious) have given way to the leading of the Spirit in matters of loving God and neighbor. In fact, the whole concept of love now is the controlling factor, where it was not so in ancient Israel.

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Studies in the Shema: A look at Deuteronomy 6:4ff

By TR Admin

In this 6 part series (all 6 parts are contained in this PDF), Rob Vanhoff takes a detailed look at a section of the Shema (Deut. 6:4-7). Vanhoff looks at the history of this Scriptural passage which became part of the Synagogue liturgy, giving insight into the rabbinic history and thought as well as the Biblical passage itself.

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Study of Covenant in Hebrews 9

By TR Admin

In this study of Hebrews 9:15-17, Tim Hegg explores the word for “Covenant.” Hegg critiques the idea that the author of Hebrews substituted “last will and testament” for “covenant.” In conclusion, Hegg suggests that the author of Hebrews was well aware of the teaching of covenant in the Tanach and that his use of it in Hebrew 9 is based upon this understanding.

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Study of Matthew 28:18-20

By TR Admin

Shavuot is the festival of first fruits. Because of this, harvest is a core theme in celebrating this festival. In this study, Tim Hegg looks at Matthew 28:18-20 and the concept of how we as believers in Yeshua are to be workers in the harvest of the nations, i.e., proclaiming the Gospel to people everywhere.

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Study on the Festival of Shavuot

By TR Admin

This study looks at the significance of the festival of Shavuot. Included is a look at the name “Shavuot” and its significance. Also, exploring the connection to Passover. Read More

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Term Rabbi in the Gospels

By TR Admin

Yeshua is called “Rabbi” in the Gospels. Is this anachronistic? Was the word used to identify teachers in the early 1st Century CE? And what of the prohibition in Matthew 23 about calling anyone a “Rabbi”? This paper, read at the Regional Evangelical Theological Society Meeting in 1992, is an inquiry into these questions.

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The Given Name of Our Messiah: The Controversy over “Yeshua” vs. “Yahshua”

By Caleb Hegg

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the claim that the name “Yeshua” (Jesus in Hebrew) was changed to take out the name “Yah,” one … Read more

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The Role of Women in the Messianic Assembly

By TR Admin

This paper is the basis for a DVD teaching by the same name (click here to view DVD). In this lengthy article, Tim Hegg looks at what the Scriptures teach regarding the role of women within Torah communities. Hegg begins by looking at God given roles as defined by the Torah. Hegg goes on to investigate what the Apostolic Scriptures (New Testament) teach regarding the role women within the synagogue community. Most noteworthy is Hegg’s investigation into the “controversial” passages in Paul’s writings.

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Thoughts on Rosh Chodesh: What the Bible teaches us about Rosh Chodesh?

By TR Admin

In practical terms, how can our celebration of Rosh Chodesh reinforce the expectations of God’s appointed times? Moreover, does the Bible direct us to do something during this time? Tim Hegg investigates Biblical passages relating to underlying assumptions about the celebration of Rosh Chodesh. In conclusion, he shows that the primary commandments of the Torah relating to Rosh Chodesh were given to the priests in their role of announcing the new moon…

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Thoughts on Shavuot: Shavuot, the Torah &  the Arabbon of the Ruach

By TR Admin

This article by Tim Hegg looks at the chronology of counting the Omer. More specifically, Hegg looks at evidence from the text of the Torah to determine when the counting of the omer was to begin, thus determining the day upon which Shavuot would fall…

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Thoughts on Yom Teruah As Remembering

By TR Admin

What is meant by זכרון in Lev 23:24? The word itself is formed on the verb זכר , “to remember,” and is usually translated a “memorial,” a “remembrance,” or a “reminder.” Thus, Yom Teruah is a day on which the shofar is to be blown, and the purpose of blowing the shofar is to evoke a reminder. But of what does it remind, and who is to be reminded?…

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Tickling Ears or the Biblical Wow Factor

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at a teaching by D. Thomas Lancaster (FFOZ) in which he finds hidden meaning within Esther. Lancaster suggests that finding the hidden meaning in Esther 9:7-9 prophesied the execution of 10 Nazi criminals. Hegg looks at the method used, and the claims made and challenges this view. In conclusion, Hegg suggests this kind of Bible study is an attempt to find the “biblical wow factor.” Hegg compares various texts of the Esther passage, showing the error of searching out hidden meaning…

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Time of our Freedom in Messiah: Thoughts on the Freedom We Have in Messiah

By TR Admin

In this short study, Tim Hegg looks at the freedom Israel gained from Egypt as a result of the exodus event. Hegg shows the freedom each individual believer has in Messiah through participation in His death, burial, and resurrection. This article focuses on the redemption from sin which the elect enjoy. As a result, we now have freedom in Yeshua, freedom from the domain of sin.

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To Read or Not to Read?: Translating the Qere/Kativ

By TR Admin

This is a paper dealing with the technical issues of the Masoretic text and the scribal notes. These notes show certain words that are written in the text (ketiv) that the scribes say should be read differently. This is noted by the scribes by placing the word to be read (qere) in the margin. Hegg looks at 18 instances in which the Hebrew word לא (“not” or “no”) is written in the text but the scribes instruct the reader to read לוֹ (“belonging to him”). Hegg then collates 10 English translations to discover whether they follow what is written in the text or what the scribes have substituted in the margin.

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To Tashlich or Not to Tashlich: Does the Tashlich Service Have Pagan Roots?

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the history of the Tashlich service. This is the traditional service performed during Rosh HaShanah. But where did it start?

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Trembling at the Word

By TR Admin

Trembling at God’s word means recognizing that His word is not manageable. It comes to us in the power of the Spirit as an overwhelming call to submission, as something far bigger than we are. It displays the awesome heart of our King, Who has called all of us into covenant relationship with Himself, and Who therefore subdues our puny minds with the grandeur of His omnipotence and eternal wisdom. With humbled hearts we respond to Him, “speak Lord, your servant is listening.” And He responds by handing us His revealed word as honeycomb, and kindly says, “eat all of it.” 

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Two-House Theory: Three Fatal Flaws

By TR Admin

The Two House theory is quite prevalent in our modern time. Many within Torah Communities are being taught this theology without fully understanding the implications. This article address some of the more mainstream teachers that hold to this theology. Since this theory is widespread, there are many variations on this theology. Therefore, Tim Hegg looks at the mainstream works that have been put forward, and most of all, the problems they bring…

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Unity of Torah

By TR Admin

Is there unity in Torah? Or did God give laws that separate His people? Have you heard things said like…

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Untranslatable "את" (ET)

By TR Admin

 Have you ever heard a Bible teacher say that the “et” (את) is a mysterious, untranslatable word that holds all sorts of hidden meanings? I have. And at one time I believed it because I didn’t have the proper framework for evaluating the claims I was hearing. In this short article I hope to explain to you the facts of the matter so you will not be misguided like I was…

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Upholding One Torah: Those who Oppose us Still don’t get it!

By TR Admin

This short article was written as a response to both the IAMCS Steering Committee and Daniel Juster of Tikkun Ministries International who have recently written public statements attacking One Torah teaching as being contrary to Scripture and promoting Replacement Theology.

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Virgin Birth: An Inquiry into the Biblical Doctrine

By TR Admin

Many believers today do not understand the signficance of the virgin birth. Far more than simply a fantastic story, the virginal conception of our Messiah Yeshua is foundational to our very salvation. In this article, Tim Hegg explores the doctrine of the virgin birth. Hegg shows that this theology is directly connected to the way God saves His elect. Hegg looks at the various accounts in the Gospels to shed light on this doctrine, then looks at the early believers’ understanding of this doctrine. Hegg also explores the claim that this doctrine comes from pagan origin. This article is a wonderful resource for those defending or attempting to learn about the virgin birth…

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What are we to Learn from Judas Iscariot

By TR Admin

During the time of Passover, we read the story of the last supper, the trial and crucifixion of our Lord. This story is not complete without the actions of Judas Iscariot. This man lived with our Master, ate with Him, learned from Him. Yet he betrayed Yeshua. What can we learn from this man and his betrayal? What can his story tell us about Passover?

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What Does “Plerosai” (to fulfill) mean in Matthew 5:17?

By TR Admin

We often hear people say that Yeshua “fulfilled” the Torah. By this they believe it means “He fulfilled it so we don’t have to do it.” Is this what Yeshua meant when He said that He had come to “fulfill” the Torah and the Prophets? This paper explores the meaning of the word “fulfill” in this text, comparing it with other uses of the word throughout the Scriptures. This article has been expanded in the book It Is Often Said Vol. 1…

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What does the word Pesach Mean?

By TR Admin

In this paper, Tim Hegg looks at the Hebrew word Pesach (Passover). Does this word carry significance, and what does it tell us about how God redeemed His people?

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What Foods are Prohibited During Chag HaMatzot (Passover)?

By TR Admin

Every year when the festival of Passover is approaching, people begin to ask what constitutes “leaven?” What should be cleaned out of the home? This short article looks at Rabbinical vs Biblical requirements for food during Passover…

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What is Sanctification?

By TR Admin

In this short explanation of sanctification, Tim Hegg builds on the phrase “pursue peace.” Hegg clearly shows that we can see a person’s sanctification lived out in their life. Those who are “pure in heart” will have this show through their lives…

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What Version of the Mishnah did Paul Read?

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg challenges the view traditional rabbinic Judaism, that the Oral Torah goes back to Sinai. Hegg suggests a later date for works such as the Mishnah, showing them to be long after the first century. As a result, Hegg shows that reading these texts back into first century Judaisms is anachronistic. In conclusion, Hegg gives a strong case that the writings of the Apostolic Scriptures (New Testament) are far more accurate to inform us about 1st century Judaisms than to rely on the rabbinic literature compiled centuries after the Apostolic era.

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What’s in a Name? Thoughts on “One Law”

By TR Admin

In this short article, Tim Hegg looks at the label “One Law” as a title for a segment of the “Messianic movement” and a particular theological position. Viewing the theology that is put under the title “One Law,” Hegg is able to define the core differences between various groups within the wider “Messianic” movement. As a result, Hegg is able to show clear distinctions between various perspectives within the larger Messianic movement.

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Why I Don’t Celebrate Christmas

By TR Admin

In Torah Communities there is a great desire to recover what we have lost and jettison the things that “essentially differ” from what God desires. Christmas has such deep cultural roots in the Christian Church that it is difficult to objectively evaluate its origins and assess its true value. This paper looks historically at the holiday, showing how many pagan symbols and practices are actually at its core.

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Why I’m Leaving the "Messianic" Movement

By TR Admin

The titles we use may say one thing to us and another thing to others. This article explores some of the wrong turns those within Torah communities have made. As a result, the titles “Messianic” and “Hebrew Roots” might carry baggage we don’t like. Caleb Hegg expresses some of his frustration with the emerging movement, and the various battles that are being waged. In conclusion, Hegg suggests these titles can do more harm than good. It is our conduct and our relationship with God that matters.

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Why Nehemiah Gordon is Wrong about Matthew 23:3

By TR Admin

In several articles, as well as in his book, The Hebrew Yeshua vs. the Greek Jesus, Nehemiah Gordon teaches on Matt. 23:3. Gordon teaches that the correct reading of Matthew 23:3 is found primarily in the reading of a single Hebrew manuscript of the Gospel of Matthew. This manuscript is known as the Even Bohan or Shem Tov Matthew. The upshot of Gordon’s assertions is that Yeshua rejected all rabbinic authority and was Himself a Karaite. This paper shows why such an assertion is wrong. Read Gordon’s response, and Tim’s rejoinder to his response.

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Why Nehemiah Gordon is Wrong about the Tetragrammaton (the Sacred Name)

By TR Admin

In his paper Tim Hegg challenges Nehemiah Gordon’s conclusions, that he has discovered the ancient pronunciation of the Tetragrammaton, יהוה. Gordon contends that a number of times the scribes of the Aleppo Codex mistakenly wrote the actual vowels of יהוה. They did this, according to Gordon, when ever the Tetragrammaton appears with three vowels, i.e., יְהוָֹה, and from this Gordon concludes that the ancient pronunciation must be Yehovah. Especially relevant, Gordon’s has disregarded a grammatical rule to which the Masoretes adhered, and Hegg points this out from clear examples in the Aleppo Codex itself.

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Women Wearing Tzitzit

By TR Admin

Tim Hegg looks at the commandment of Tzitzit (Tassels) as prescribed by the Torah in Numbers 15:37ff, and investigates if this command applies to women. In our modern time, some teachers and ministries have taught that this command is only for men. The argument is put forward that tzitzit are a man’s garment, and that women should, therefore, not ware them. Other teachers and ministries have suggested that Judaism as a whole has deemed tzitzit to be for men and therefore the tradition is set. Hegg begins by looking at various rabbinic witnesses to see how the rabbis have viewed this command throughout the ages. Hegg systematically shows that tzitzit have not always been seen as only obligatory for men. As a result, Hegg suggests that this command according to rabbinic literature is for women as well. In conclusion this paper shows that Judaism does not see this as a cut and dry issue.

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Yeshua and the Hasidic Tsadik: An Exploration into the Theology of the Tsadik

By TR Admin

With the rise of Hasidic Judaism, we have seen the emergence of the “tzadik.” This righteous figure leads his flock, enters the thrown room of God,  and presents his followers’ petitions to God. The Tzadik also intercedes for the sins of his people. This sounds awefully familiar! In this paper, Caleb Hegg explores the theological creation of the tzadik. In addition, the question is posed, “Who had it first?” Hegg makes the suggestion that it seems like it came from Christianity. Hegg looks at the striking similarities between the function of the tzadik within Hasidic communities, and the function of Yeshua in Christianity. The similarities are so clear, that in conclusion, Hegg suggests this is not a coincidence.

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Yeshua: How do we know Him?

By TR Admin

This article focuses on the validity and inerrancy of the Gospels. Tim Hegg poses this question: “How we know Yeshua if the Gospels are not inspired Scripture?” Hegg then turns to Scripture found within the Tanach to show that the figure found in the Gospels had already been prophesied. In conclusion, Hegg states that we can definitely trust our Bibles, and that the witness of the Tanach shows the Gospels to be true.

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Yom Kippur and The Messianic Believer

By TR Admin

In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the festival of Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement). The focus of this paper is to see how this festival is so rich in meaning for believers. As a result, Hegg shows this festival to be centered around Yeshua…

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Yom Kippur: Gods Way of Atonement

By TR Admin

The Torah parashah chosen for reading on Yom Kippur contains the instructions for Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement). In this article, Tim Hegg looks at the commands given within the temple service. What does this tell us about Yeshua and His work on the cross? As a result, Hegg focuses on Yeshua’s continuing work in the heavenly realm on our behalf…

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Yom Kippur: You Shall Humble Your Souls

By TR Admin

At the very first, when God gave the Yom Kippur commandments to Moses, He declared: This shall be a permanent statute for you: in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall humble your souls and not do any work…

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You shall not boil a kid in it’s Mother’s milk

By TR Admin

This paper deals with the three Torah texts which prohibit boiling a kid in its mother’s milk, the textual issues that are involved in these three texts, and the rabbinic literature which deals with the separation of meat and milk, based entirely upon these three verses. Hegg shows that there is absolutely no biblical texts which substantiate the rabbinic halachah of separating meat and milk…

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